Development of the Malay Language of understanding, attitude, practice and health literacy questionnaire on COVID-19 (MUAPHQ C-19): content validity & face validity analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the content and face validity index of the development of the understanding, attitude, practice and health literacy questionnaire on COVID-19 (MUAPHQ C-19) in the Malay language. METHODS: The development of the MUAPHQ C-19 was conducted in two stages. Stage I resulted in the generation of the instrument's items (development), and stage II resulted in the performance of the instrument's items (judgement and quantification). Six-panel experts related to the study field and ten general public participated to evaluate the validity of the MUAPHQ C-19. The content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR) and face validity index (FVI) were analysed using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: There were 54 items and four domains, namely the understanding, attitude, practice and health literacy towards COVID-19, identified in the MUAPHQ C-19 (Version 1.0). The scale-level CVI (S-CVI/Ave) for every domain was above 0.9, which is considered acceptable. The CVR for all items was above 0.7, except for one item in the health literacy domain. Ten items were revised to improve the item's clarity, and two items were deleted due to the low CVR value and redundancy, respectively. The I-FVI exceeded the cut-off value of 0.83 except for five items from the attitude domain and four from the practice domains. Thus, seven of these items were revised to increase the clarity of items, while another two were deleted due to low I-FVI scores. Otherwise, the S-FVI/Ave for every domain exceeded the cut-off point of 0.9, which is considered acceptable. Thus, 50-item MUAPHQ C-19 (Version 3.0) was generated following the content and face validity analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire development, content validity, and face validity process are lengthy and iterative. The assessment of the instruments' items by the content experts and the respondents is essential to guarantee the instrument's validity. Our content and face validity study has finalised the MUAPHQ C-19 version that is ready for the next phase of questionnaire validation, using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Resistencia a los medicamentos del Mycobacterium Leprae detectados en cultivo de almohadilla plantar de ratón entre 1997 y 2013 en Malasia / No disponible

Antecedentes: Después de tres décadas de implementación de la multiterapia (MDT), consistente en una combinación de rifampicina, dapsona y clofazimina, en Malasia la aparición de resistencia farmacológica del Mycobacterium leprae constituye una preocupación, ya que puede llevar al fracaso del tratamiento y la recidiva de la enfermedad. Objetivos: Determinar el modelo de resistencia farmacológica del M. leprae en Malasia. Métodos: Se analizaron los cultivos en almohadilla plantar de ratón (MFP) de todas las biopsias cutáneas de pacientes con lepra borderline lepromatosa y lepra lepromatosa enviados a la Unidad de la Lepra, Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Publica, Sungai Buloh, Malasia, entre 1997-2013. Resultados: Se realizaron 651 cultivos MFP. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 41 anos (rango: 6-88). La proporción varón/hembra era de 3·8:1. Cuatrocientos cuarenta y cuatro pacientes (69·1%) eran malayos. La proporción de M. leprae positivo en cultivo era del 66·6% (433 of 651). El Índice Bacteriologico (IB) y el Índice Morfológico (IM) promedios para los cultivos positivos fue de 3·7 and 2·8 respectivamente. El IB y el IM de los que no crecieron en la MFP eran significativamente menores que los que presentaban cultivos positivos (P < 0·001). La dapsona presento el mayor índice de resistencia del 55% (238 of 433). Sin embargo, el elevado grado de resistencia a la dapsona (0·01%) fue de 6·24%. Hubo 407 MFP con rifampicina 0·003% y 12 (2·9%) resultaron resistentes a la misma. La clofazimina presento el menor grado de resistencia intermedia (0·001%) que fue del 0·2% (1 of 429). No había diferencias significativas entre el patrón de resistencia y género o nacionalidad de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Mas de la mitad de los cultivos MFP presentaron resistencia de baja intensidad a la dapsona; menos del 3% eran resistentes a la rifampicina y la resistencia a la clofazimina resulto muy baja

Background: After three decades of implementing multidrug therapy (MDT) consisting of rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine in Malaysia, the drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium leprae is a growing concern as it may lead to failure of treatment and relapse of disease. Objective: To determine the drug resistance patterns of M. leprae in Malaysia. Methods: Mouse footpad (MFP) culture of all skin biopsy samples from patients with borderline lepromatous and lepromatous leprosy sent to the Leprosy Unit, National Public Health Laboratory, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia between 1997-2013 were retrospectively studied. Results: There were 651 MFP cultures performed. The mean age of patients was 41 years old (range: 6-88). The male: female ratio was 3·8:1. Four hundred and forty four patients (69·1%) were Malaysian. The rate of positive M. leprae culture was 66·6% (433 of 651). The mean Bacteriological Index (BI) and median Morphological Index (MI) for those with positive culture were 3·7 and 2·8 respectively. The mean BI and MI of those which failed to grow in the MFP were significantly lower than those with positive cultures (P < 0·001). Dapsone has the highest resistance rate of 55% (238 of 433). Nevertheless, high degree dapsone resistance (0·01%) was 6·24%. There were 407 MFP tests using rifampicin 0·003% and 12 (2·9%) were resistant to it. Clofazimine has the lowest intermediate degree (0·001%) resistance rate of 0·2% (1 of 429). There were no significant differences between the drug resistance pattern and the gender or the nationality of the patients. Conclusion: More than half of our positive MFP cultures showed low-level resistance to dapsone; less than 3% were resistant to rifampicin, and clofazimine resistance remained very low